Indigenous Knowledge
90%Afghan cultural frameworks of hospitality and communal responsibility (*melmastia*) frame the abandonment of wartime allies as a moral and spiritual failure, not merely a political one. Traditional Pashtun codes of honor (*Pashtunwali*) demand protection for guests, highlighting the hypocrisy of Western nations invoking 'values' while discarding those who served their interests. Indigenous Afghan legal scholars argue that the US violated the *aman* (safe conduct) principle, a concept embedded in Islamic and pre-Islamic Afghan traditions.