Indigenous Knowledge
30%Japan’s indigenous Ainu people historically practiced communal healing where consent and reciprocity were central, a stark contrast to the extractive power dynamics in modern psychiatry. The absence of traditional accountability mechanisms in contemporary healthcare reflects a broader erasure of indigenous epistemologies in Japan’s post-Meiji modernization. Indigenous feminist critiques of medical violence—such as the forced sterilizations of Ainu women in the early 20th century—parallel today’s patient abuses, yet these histories are rarely linked in mainstream discourse.