Indigenous Knowledge
30%Indigenous epistemologies frame pandemics as symptoms of ecological imbalance, emphasizing land stewardship and interspecies relationships over viral origin tracing. Traditional knowledge systems in the Amazon and Pacific Islands have long used community-based surveillance for zoonotic spillover events, yet these approaches are systematically excluded from institutional pandemic narratives. The Lancet's institutional stance reinforces a biomedical reductionism that erases holistic understandings of disease.