US-Russia disinformation war: How partisan media ecosystems amplify foreign interference as domestic crisis

Indigenous media scholars, such as those at the **First Nations Technology Council (Canada)**, have documented how colonial-era propaganda tactics—like the spread of false narratives to justify land dispossession—are being repurposed in digital disinformation campaigns. For example, during the 2020 US election, Native American communities reported receiving targeted misinformation about voting rights and COVID-19 vaccines, echoing historical patterns of exclusion and manipulation. The absence of Indigenous perspectives in this narrative erases their long-standing resistance to state and corporate media manipulation, which could offer models for community-led digital sovereignty (e.g., **Māori Television’s** fact-checking initiatives in New Zealand).